テーブル名からカラム名と型を得る

select
  columns.name,
  types.name
from
  sys.columns join sys.types 
    on
    ( 
      columns.system_type_id = types.system_type_id 
      and types.user_type_id <> 256
    ) 
where
  object_id = object_id('Employees')
order by column_id

出力例

columnName	typeName
name	name
EmployeeID	int
LastName	nvarchar
FirstName	nvarchar
Title	nvarchar
TitleOfCourtesy	nvarchar